Hello Sarah, my name is Vincent Chido King,
and I’m the nurse conducting your remote consultation today.
I completed required security checks and confirmed your identity safely
I know that receiving a diagnosis can feel unsettling, so
My aim today is to explain what we’ve found, why it matters, and
What we can do together to protect your kidney health moving forward
Everything I explain is grounded in trusted clinical evidence
— including NG203 from NICE guidance (2021),
recommendations from the UK Kidney Association,
and high‑quality research published in leading journals
such as The British Medical Journal, the Lancet and JAMA
Examples include (Webster et al., 2017) and (Chen et al., 2019).
You came to the surgery because you had noticed
tiredness, ankle swelling, and waking at night to urinate.
But what really prompted you was seeing social‑media posts
about foamy urine and kidney problems.
And you were right to check, Foamy urine can indicate
protein leaking into the urine, especially in people with diabetes,
which you’ve been managing for some time.
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of
kidney damage worldwide (Fraser & Roderick, 2019).
We carried out a serum creatinine blood test
to measure how well your kidneys filter waste products
from your bloodstream accurately
We also performed a urine albumin‑to‑creatinine
ratio test, often called a uACR,
to check for protein leakage into the urine,
which signals strain on the filtration barrier
Your blood pressure was measured using a standardised
sphygmomanometer blood pressure assessment, because high pressure
accelerates kidney damage significantly
Your eGFR is between 45 and 59
mL/min/1.73m², placing you in
Stage 3a chronic kidney disease.
Your uACR confirmed albuminuria,
meaning the filtration barrier is under strain,
This is common in diabetes and early kidney damage
We needed to distinguish between
Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
we can confidently say this is chronic because
these results persisted over three months, confirming
chronic kidney disease rather than temporary
or reversible kidney stress
To make sense of this,
it helps to picture the kidneys as
millions of tiny filters called nephrons.
Each nephron contains a glomerulus (the filter)
and a tubule (the part that fine‑tunes
what your body keeps or removes).
Together, they filter your blood,
remove waste, balance fluids,
and regulate important minerals like
sodium, potassium, and phosphate.
CKD begins when these nephrons
start to become damaged or lost over time.
Conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure,
and vascular disease place extra strain on the glomeruli,
causing them to scar in a process called glomerulosclerosis.
As more nephrons fail, the remaining ones work harder,
This accelerates further damage and is known as
Maladaptive hyperfiltration (Chen et al., 2019).
The tubules are also affected.
They become less able to balance electrolytes,
manage acid levels, or concentrate urine.
This is why CKD can lead to issues like
high potassium, low vitamin D activation, and fluid imbalance.
The blood vessels around the kidneys play a major role too.
Healthy kidneys rely on a rich network of tiny arteries.
When these vessels stiffen or narrow
often due to hypertension, smoking, or diabetes
the kidneys receive less oxygen and blood flow,
worsening the decline.
Over time, the kidney shrinks and becomes more fibrotic.
This scarring reduces its ability to filter blood effectively,
which is why blood tests (eGFR)
and urine tests (protein/albumin)
are so important for monitoring progression.
In diabetes, this process can happen more quickly
because high glucose levels irritate and damage the filtration membrane.
So, CKD is really a story of gradual nephron loss.
Stage 3a means your kidneys are working less efficiently but
still performing their essential functions.
Many people remain stable for years at this stage
with the right support and monitoring
What makes Stage 3a so important is that
this is the stage where early action
has the biggest impact (KDIGO, 2024).
We can slow things down, stabilise kidney function, and
protect the nephrons you still have
There are a few signs we want you to be aware of,
because they can suggest your kidneys are under extra strain.
These include sudden swelling, new or worsening breathlessness,
severe tiredness, nausea or vomiting, confusion,
passing much less urine than usual,
or a sudden rise in blood pressure.
If any of these happen,
it’s important to get medical advice promptly
so we can check what’s going on and support you early.
In your case, Sarah, diabetes
is the main contributing factor.
High glucose levels damage kidney blood vessels and filtration membranes
over long periods of time.
smoking and heavy alcohol use
don’t typically cause CKD but can accelerate kidney damage
by worsening blood vessel health,
Other causes of CKD include long‑standing high blood pressure,
inflammatory kidney diseases, inherited conditions,
and prolonged use of certain medications
such as NSAIDs (Chen et al., 2019).
However, in this case, diabetes remains the key driver.
CKD affects more than kidneys.
Physically, you may notice fatigue,
swelling, cramps, or appetite changes.
Emotionally, people often describe anxiety or uncertainty,
especially when diagnosis is triggered by online information.
Socially, CKD can influence work, family responsibilities, finances,
and daily routines, which is why
we take a biopsychosocial approach
Your care is shaped by the NMC Code,
which emphasises dignity, autonomy, and shared decision‑making.
We also follow the Mental Capacity Act
to protect your rights and ensure your choices are respected.
Everything we do is grounded in the
evidence‑based guidance from NICE NG203 for CKD.
We’re open and honest with you at every step,
in line with the duty of candour.
Ultimately, our aim is to work with you — not just for you.
Let’s talk about medications,
because this is often the part people worry about the most.
There isn’t one single ‘CKD tablet’.
Instead, we use a combination of medicines that each
protect the kidneys in different ways.
Think of them as tools and we strive to choose the right tools
based on your blood tests, your diabetes, your blood pressure,
and how your kidneys are behaving.
ACE inhibitors and ARBs reduce pressure inside the nephrons and
help stop protein leaking into the urine
This is one of the strongest
kidney protective effects we have (NICE, 2021).
How do We Choose Between Treatment?
This is a question many people ask,
and the answer is actually very logical.
We usually start with an ACE inhibitor
because it has the strongest evidence for reducing
Proteinuria and slowing CKD progression (NICE, 2021).
If you develop a dry cough which some people do
we simply switch to an ARB,
which gives the same kidney protection
without the cough (KDIGO, 2024).
Calcium‑channel blockers help relax your blood vessels,
making it easier to control blood pressure.
Thiazide‑type diuretics can be useful in Stage 3a,
supporting blood pressure management
and easing mild fluid retention.
SGLT2 inhibitors are especially important in diabetes,
as they help stabilise blood sugar and directly
slow CKD progression (Chen et al., 2019).
Metformin is often still appropriate at this stage,
depending on your kidney function
and how stable things are overall.
Iron supplements are used if
early signs of anaemia start to appear.
If the anaemia becomes more significant,
specialist teams may introduce
erythropoiesis‑stimulating agents to help
the body make more red blood cells.
Vitamin D analogues support bone health
and help regulate calcium and phosphate levels.
If phosphate levels begin to rise, phosphate binders
can be added to reduce the strain on your kidneys.
All of these medicines are chosen carefully
and reviewed regularly to make sure they remain right for you.
Alongside your prescriptions,
your diet and day‑to‑day habits
play a major role in protecting your kidneys
— from keeping blood pressure steady with lower‑salt meals
to supporting healthy blood sugar
through balanced eating and good hydration.
Staying active, avoid NSAIDs such as Ibuprofen unless advised,
Keep alcohol consumption moderate,
and stopping smoking all help reduce strain on your kidneys.
Your care plan focuses on
protecting nephrons, managing diabetes,
controlling blood pressure, and supporting
your overall wellbeing holistically
Diet plays an important role.
NICE recommends offering dietary advice
tailored to CKD severity, especially
around potassium, phosphate, calorie intake,
and salt consumption.
If we agree dietary intervention is appropriate,
We will include education, detailed assessment, and supervision
to ensure malnutrition is prevented
NICE also advises against low‑protein diets below
0.6 to 0.8 grams per kilogram per day,
as these can cause muscle loss and fatigue.
Referral to nephrology is recommended when
someone shows a rapid decline in their eGFR.
It is also indicated when blood pressure
remains above target despite multiple medications.
People with suspected hereditary or structural
kidney disease should be referred promptly.
Referral is appropriate when the diagnosis
is uncertain or the presentation is atypical.
So instead of extreme restriction,
we focus on balanced, kidney‑friendly nutrition that
supports energy, heart health, and long‑term kidney stability.
At Stage 3a, we’re not talking about dialysis.
We’re talking about preservation, prevention,
and maintaining your quality of life
Stage 3a CKD is manageable.
With the right support, many
people maintain stable kidney function for years
without major complications
Your care plan focuses on:
Protecting the nephrons you still have
Managing your diabetes and blood pressure
Reviewing medications
Monitoring kidney function regularly
Supporting your wellbeing
Helping you recognise early warning signs